PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean			0.129
										Irvingtonian			0.21
								Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian									0.774
										Blancan			1.4
								Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian					3
				Zanclean				Waipipian					3.6
								Opoitian					3.7
								Opoitian		Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian									7.246
										Clarendonian			9.4
							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian									11.63
										Barstovian			12.5
								Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian					13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian									15.98
										Hemingfordian			16.3
										Arikareean			18.5
								Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian					23.03
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian									27.82
										Whitneyan			29.5
										Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
										Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian									37.71
								Bortonian					39.1
										Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
								Heretaungan					45.7
										Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
								Mangaorapan					48.9
								Mangaorapan		Wasatchian			50.5
								Waipawan		Wasatchian			52
								Waipawan		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian		Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian						Puercan			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
			Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian					320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
						Alportian					322 *
						Chokierian					323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian				Late Mississippian	323.2
						Arnsbergian					324 *
						Pendleian					327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian				Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian				Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian	445.2
			Sandbian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10		Sunwaptan		487.5
			Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan		489.5
			Jiangshanian		Steptoean		493 *
			Paibian		Steptoean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
			Drumian	Marjumian			500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan	504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2			521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000
		Ectasian						1200
		Calymmian						1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian						1600
		Orosirian						1800
		Rhyacian						2050
		Siderian						2300
Archean	Neoarchean							2500
	Mesoarchean							2800
	Paleoarchean							3200
	Eoarchean							3600
Hadean								4000
													4600