PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan							1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean					Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian					Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian					Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian					Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
									Hemingfordian							16.3
									Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian							Kekeamuan				Early Oligocene	27.82
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian			Bumbanian			Early Eocene	47.8
									Wasatchian							50.5
									Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian		Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian		Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian						Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian						Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian					Puercan						Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian						66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic						100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian						Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	Dorashamian	251.902
						252.4 *
				Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	Dzhulfian	254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	259.51
			Wordian			264.28
						265.3 *
				Amb		266.1 *
					Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian			266.9
			Roadian			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Asselian	293.52
			Asselian		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C					300.3 *
								Stephanian B					300.9 *
								Stephanian A					301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A					303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian					305 *
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian			Cantabrian					307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D				307.4 *
								Westphalian C				309.8
								Westphalian B			314.6
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian			Westphalian B			315.2
								Westphalian A			317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian			318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian			Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
Edenian										450.4 *
Mohawkian									Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian	453
									Turinian	453.7 *
Whiterockian										Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian						Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
				Skullrockian					Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian								485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
																1400