PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Precambrian of Russia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian										2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian										3
				Zanclean					Waipipian										3.6
									Opoitian										3.7
									Opoitian									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian															7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian															11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian										13.82
									Clifdenian										15.1
								Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian										23.03
									Duntroonian										25.2
									Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian															27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan										34.6
									Kaiatan										36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian															37.71
									Bortonian										39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian															41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
									Heretaungan										45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian															47.8
									Mangaorapan										48.9
									Mangaorapan									Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan									Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan									Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian									Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian														Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian	264.28
			Roadian				Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
			Asselian					Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
						Alportian				322 *
						Chokierian				323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian				323.2
						Arnsbergian				324 *
						Pendleian				327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian				353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian					393.3
			Pragian		Siegen					407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian						427.4
			Homerian	Whitwellian						429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
											Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
											Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian								Keila				Idavere †	453
Actonian †											Keila			453.2 *
Actonian †											Haljala			453.9
Marshbrookian †														Woolstonian †		454.2 *
Longvillian †																455.2 *
											Kukruse					456.4 *
													Aurelucian			456.8 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian																457.4 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn								Uhaku	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
											Lasnamagi					458.9 *
											Aseri					460.4 *
											Aseri	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka				467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
			Arenig									Fennian			468.4 *
								Billingen							469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian													470
										Latorp †					470.1 *
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Hunneberg				Whitlandian			473.7 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc									Migneintian			477.7
												Cressagian			480.8 *
								Varangu							481.3 *
								Pakerort							482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran			Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4				Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran									514
						Montezuman									514.8 *
						Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian								538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian		Karatau					800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau					1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan					1375
																			1400