PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian										Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean													Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian										Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian										Turolian				7.246
														Vallesian				8.7
														Vallesian			Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian										Astaracian			Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian										Astaracian			Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian										Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
														Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
														Agenian				20
				Aquitanian										Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									Vokhmian					247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan									Vokhmian					251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian									Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
				Wordian									Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
				Roadian									Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
				Artinskian														283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				293.52
Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli				Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	Lockportian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
			Katian								Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian											453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
											Oretanian					459.7 *
	Sarka †														461.7 *
	Dapingian		Klabava †												467.3
	Dapingian										Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian												477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran			514
													Montezuman			514.8 *
													Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																		1400