PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian										Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian										Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean										Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian										Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian										Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
														Hemingfordian				16.3
														Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
														Whitneyan				29.5
														Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian										Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian										Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian										Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian										Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian										Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian										Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
														Wasatchian				50.5
														Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian										Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian										Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian										Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian										Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian										Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
								300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
Katian			Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
Katian			Berounian							449.7 *
Sandbian										453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian										458.4
			Dobrotivian									458.5 *
			Oretanian									459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian									468
Early Ordovician		Floian	Arenigian									470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian									Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian									Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian											489.5
			Aksaian											490.7 *
			Sakian											492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian											497
			Ayusokkanian											Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian	500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan	Branchian	509
			Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			514
			Atdabanian			515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †		Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †		Wonokan †		571.7 *
																		635