PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		Devonian of France	Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian													Pannonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Sarmatian			Clarendonian	11.63
															Sarmatian			Barstovian	12.5
															Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian					66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic					100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
			Khamovnikian			304.8
			Khamovnikian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Myachkovian	Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Vereian		Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Cheremshanian		Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian		Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian	Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian		Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian		Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian		Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian		Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Steshevian		Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian		Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Tulian	336.3 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Bobrikian	340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Hastarian		Cherepetian	353.7 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean					487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian					489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
														Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian										Paibian					494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
													Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
														Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
														Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian										Drumian		Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian		Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	509
														Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
														Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		Botomian				514
														Atdabanian				515.6 *
														Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2												Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian													Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian								530.7			Manykaian †
																			538.8