PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian					113
		Aptian									Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian									Sevatian					208.5
											Alaunian					213.2 *
											Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian					227
		Carnian									Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian					237
		Ladinian									Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian					242
											Pelsonian					243.8 *
											Bithynian					244.7 *
											Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Leine		Midian	264.28
		Wordian		Leine		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
		Asselian				Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian	Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian							Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					477.7
					Stairsian					480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8