PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of England		European Faunal Units	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian						Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian						Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian						Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian						Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian						Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian						Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian						Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian							20
		Aquitanian					Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan		150
												Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian										Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian									Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian										Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian										Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian										Warepan		208.5
												Otamitan		217
												Oretian		221
		Carnian										Oretian		227
		Carnian									Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian										Etalian		238
		Anisian										Etalian		242
		Anisian										Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian										Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2									Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494								Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8