PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Precambrian of Russia	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian					Ionian				0.129
				Calabrian									0.774
				Gelasian							MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16		2.58
				Piacenzian							MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean							MN 15		3.6
											MN 14		4.2
											MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian							MN 13		5.333
				Tortonian							MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
											MN 10		8.7
											MN 9		9.7
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian							MN 7 + 8		11.63
				Serravallian							MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian							MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian							MN 4		15.98
											MN 3		16.9
											MN 2		20
				Aquitanian							MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian							MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Ypresian									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									56
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian									208.5
				Carnian									227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
			Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Payntonian		486.8 *
								Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian					Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian					Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian					Idamean		Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
	Boomerangian		Guzhangian					499
	Drumian		Undillan					500.5
	Drumian		Floran					503
	Wuliuan		Templetonian					Topazan	504.5
			Templetonian					Delamaran	506.5
			Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian						Waucoban †	509
										510.8 *
								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian								Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau		1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan		1375
													1400