PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian									Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian									Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian									Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
														Monroecreekian					23.1 *
														Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian										Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian											To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian											To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
			Asselian	Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian	Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
				Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
				Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian				307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
						Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
				Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
				Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
Katian			Pirgu							445.2
			Vormsi							449.6 *
			Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
			Viru						Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland						Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			Ungurian	477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
									Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			Batyrbaian	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian										Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan										Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
												Toyonian	510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635