PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Chibanian									0.129
				Chibanian						Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian						Castlecliffian			0.774
				Calabrian						Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian						Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian						Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian			2.58
				Piacenzian						Waipipian			3
				Zanclean						Waipipian			3.6
				Zanclean						Opoitian			3.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
				Messinian						Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian						Tongaporutuan			7.246
				Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian						Waiauan			11.63
				Serravallian						Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian						Lillburnian			13.82
										Clifdenian			15.1
									Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian						Altonian			15.98
				Burdigalian						Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian						Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
										Duntroonian			25.2
										Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian							Kekeamuan		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
									Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Kaiatan			36.7
				Bartonian						Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian						Bortonian			39.1
				Lutetian						Bortonian			41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
										Heretaungan			45.7
				Ypresian						Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
										Waipawan			52
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian	Gashatan		56
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian			66
				Campanian						Haumurian			72.1
				Santonian						Piripauan			83.6
				Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
										Mangaotanean			90.5
										Arowhanan			93.7
				Cenomanian						Arowhanan			93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
										Motuan			99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan			100.5
										Urutawan			103.3
									Taitai	Korangan			108.4
				Aptian						Korangan			113
				Aptian									117.5
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
			Moscovian						307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian		393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian	Paadla						423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula						427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu						430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani						431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani						433.4
			Telychian	Adavere						434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere						438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula						439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula						440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru						441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
Tremadocian		Early Ordovician	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
													4600