PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes								259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian								283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel										297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			Late Pennsylvanian							298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C									300.3 *
				Stephanian B									300.9 *
				Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		Late Mississippian	323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran							514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8