PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan			56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
											Planulata								179.3 *
											Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
											Kanense								181.3 *
											Carlottense								182.3 *
											Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian									Kunae								184.2
											Freboldi								185.1 *
											Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
												Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
											Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian																	192.9
											Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
											Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian									Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									259.51
		Wordian			Leine					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel																297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel															Mapingian †	298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C															300.3 *
				Stephanian B															300.9 *
				Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A		303.7
				Cantabrian		305 *
							305.9
		Moscovian					307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B			315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian		Gamachian		443.8
		Katian						Pirgu			Gamachian		445.2
								Pirgu			Richmondian		446 *
								Vormsi			Richmondian		449.6 *
								Vormsi			Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Nabala			Maysvillian			Johvi †	450 *
								Nabala			Edenian				450.4 *
							Viru	Rakvere			Edenian				450.6 *
								Rakvere	Mohawkian		Chatfieldian				451.1 *
								Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian			Keila			Idavere †						453
					Keila					Turinian	453.7 *
					Haljala						453.9
					Kukruse						456.4 *
					Kukruse				Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
					Uhaku			Aluoja †						457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku									458.4
					Lasnamagi									458.9 *
					Aseri									460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum						464.3 *
							Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				467.3
						Rangerian				469.1 *
						Rangerian	Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †		470
								Latorp †							470.1 *
							Hunneberg								473.7 *
									Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean						477.7
									Stairsian						480.3 *
							Varangu		Stairsian						481.3 *
							Varangu		Skullrockian				Demingian †		482 *
							Pakerort						Demingian †		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort								485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
																			487.5