PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian							Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †					293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel			Bursumian †					297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			Virgilian					298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C							300.3 *
				Stephanian B							300.9 *
				Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A		Missourian	303.7
				Cantabrian		Missourian	305 *
						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian C		Atokan	312.7 *
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B			315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
				Westphalian A		Morrowan	318.4 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		Chesterian	323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Warnantian	Brigantian †		Meramecian	335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Osagean	346.7
			Ivorian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
			Hastarian			Kinderhookian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
											443.8