PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean														0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian														0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian														0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan														1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian														4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian														9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian														11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian														12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
							Hemingfordian														16.3
							Arikareean														18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
							Whitneyan														29.5
							Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian														33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean														37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian														46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian														47.8
							Wasatchian														50.5
							Clarkforkian														54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian														56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian														56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian														59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian														60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian														61.6
		Danian					Puercan														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan						150
															Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
				Puruhauan		Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Barettian				266
		Roadian	Kazanian			Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian			Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
					Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian			276
						Filipovian			276.5 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian			283.5
					Telfordian	Sarginian			285
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
						Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian			293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
						Surenian	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli									Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian		Gamachian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Richmondian				Kralodvorian		446 *
										Richmondian				Berounian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian							450.4 *
								Mohawkian		Chatfieldian							451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian							453
										Turinian							453.7 *
										Turinian							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Whiterockian								Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
															Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																		458.4
				Dobrotivian	458.5 *
				Oretanian	459.7 *
					Sarka †										461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †										467.3
				Arenigian											468
										Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
		Floian	Tulean			473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tulean	Tremadocian		477.7
			Stairsian			480.3 *
			Skullrockian			Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian													485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †		497
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	504.5
																					509