PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																	Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																	Rancholabrean	0.129
																			Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian																		0.774
																			Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian												3
		Zanclean						Waipipian												3.6
								Opoitian												3.7
								Opoitian											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian																		7.246
																			Clarendonian	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian																		11.63
																			Barstovian	12.5
								Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian												13.82
								Clifdenian												15.1
							Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian																		15.98
																			Hemingfordian	16.3
																			Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian												23.03
								Duntroonian												25.2
								Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
																			Whitneyan	29.5
																			Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan												34.6
								Kaiatan												36.7
																			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		37.71
								Bortonian												39.1
																			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																		41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
								Heretaungan												45.7
																			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
								Mangaorapan												48.9
								Mangaorapan											Wasatchian	50.5
								Waipawan											Wasatchian	52
								Waipawan											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
							Saraninian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Irginian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		Nealian	293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
							Surenian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian						305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian						307
					Westphalian					Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †					330.9
				Livian	Asbian †					336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian					340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
												Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
												Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
												Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										Keila				Idavere †	453
												Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
												Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
															Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †			455.2 *
												Kukruse						456.4 *
														Aurelucian				456.8 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
												Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
												Lasnamagi						458.9 *
												Aseri						460.4 *
												Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
						Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian									467.3
											Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
							Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
								Latorp †					470.1 *
												Whitlandian	471.1 *
							Hunneberg					Whitlandian	473.7 *
												Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
												Cressagian	480.8 *
							Varangu						481.3 *
							Pakerort						482.2 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †								509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																				538.8