PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian														Pannonian		7.246
				Serravallian														Sarmatian		11.63
				Serravallian														Badenian		12.8 *
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian											66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian													100.5
							Middle Albian													106.2 *
							Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian													113
				Aptian			Early Aptian													119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian													139.8
							Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
							Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras					168.2
							Late Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
							Early Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
															Planulata					179.3 *
																	Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
															Kanense					181.3 *
															Carlottense					182.3 *
							Early Toarcian								Carlottense					182.9 *
							Early Toarcian								Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								Kunae					184.2
															Freboldi					185.1 *
															Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
																Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
															Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
															Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
															Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian			227
			Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
			Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian		322 *
								Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian		323.2
								Arnsbergian		324 *
								Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian							Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
										Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
										Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian		383.7 *
										Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian							Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian							Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian							Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
Caradoc				Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan							451.5 *
				Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian				453
							Actonian †			453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †				455.2 *
				Aurelucian			Longvillian †				456.8 *
				Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
Early Ordovician		Floian		Fennian							470
				Whitlandian							471.1 *
				Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian							480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000					Karatau
		Stenian							Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian						1200	Yurmatian
		Ectasian						Burzyan	1375
																				1400