PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of North America		Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean									Yushean	Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean									Baodean	Early Pliocene	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian								Pannonian	Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian								Sarmatian		Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian								Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian									Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian									Shanwangian	Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian									Xiejiaan		16.9
		Aquitanian									Xiejiaan		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae								184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Asselian	Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel				298.9
				Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
							Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
									Steptoean	493 *
							Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	St Davids			497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai			Branchian	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran						514
					Montezuman						514.8 *
					Montezuman					Placentian	517.1
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
													538.8