PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127468 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China	Silurian of North America			Silurian of England	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian				100.5
															Middle Albian				106.2 *
															Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian				113
		Aptian													Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian				139.8
															Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
															Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
			Planulata			179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian			Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian				283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian				293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
											300.1
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian									Cantabrian	307
										Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
				Westphalian A							317 *
				Namurian						Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian						Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian						Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian						Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian							346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian							353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian												407.6
		Pragian											Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
			Bringewood/Elton		421.3							Cayugan
			Bringewood/Elton		Niagaran							422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale									Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian										Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian	Wych									Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian												436.3 *
		Aeronian												438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Cowleigh Park												439.3 *
					Medinan								Clinton		440.1 *
															440.7 *
		Rhuddanian													440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
		Katian												445.2
		Sandbian												453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †					497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †	504.5
																			509