PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene			Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene			Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene			Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene			Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene			Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene			Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene			Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum					168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons						180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
		Induan									251.2
		Induan							Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai		251.902
											252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru		254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
									Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel				298.9
				Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian		427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian				Whitwellian		429.7 *
											430.5