PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6												0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5												11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian			Cenozoic 3									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2												41.2
				Ypresian			Cenozoic 2										Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1									Gashatan			56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8												66
				Campanian			Cretaceous 7												72.1
				Santonian			Cretaceous 6												83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4												100.5
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3												113
				Barremian			Cretaceous 2												121.4
				Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2												125.77
				Valanginian			Cretaceous 1												132.6
				Berriasian			Cretaceous 1												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6												145
				Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5												149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian			Jurassic 4												165.3
				Bajocian			Jurassic 4												168.2
				Aalenian			Jurassic 3												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3												174.7
				Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2												184.2
				Sinemurian			Jurassic 1												192.9
				Hettangian			Jurassic 1												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4												201.4
				Norian			Triassic 4												208.5
				Carnian			Triassic 3												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
				Wordian															264.28
				Roadian			Permian 3												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2												273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian			Permian 1											Bursumian †	293.52
				Asselian	Kuzel		Permian 1											Bursumian †	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	Virgilian	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian			Missourian	Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian	Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan	Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan	Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Warnantian	Brigantian †	Meramecian		335.8 *
				Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
				Ivorian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
				Hastarian		Kinderhookian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Silurian 2		Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		Jaani		433.4
			Telychian					Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
	Katian		Pirgu								445.2
			Vormsi								449.6 *
			Nabala								Johvi †	450 *
			Viru							Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
	Sandbian					Ordovician 4				Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3				Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland							Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Ordovician 2				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Ordovician 1				Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5				Pakerort	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Paibian					494
		Paibian									Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4					Drumian		Wangcunian †	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3					Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Duyunian			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2					Nangaoian			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529					Meishucunian
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †				Poundian †						538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †				Wonokan †						571.7 *
																			635