PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5			Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3			Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1			Riochican				56
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5					Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan	150
											Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian									Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	168.2		Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian			Cathedralian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Cathedralian		276
							Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
				Wolfcampian		Telfordian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian		293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						303.7		Stephanian A
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Cantabrian		307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian					Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Livian					Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian							Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1	529
												538.8