PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of China		Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian										0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian										0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian												11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian										Late Aptian		113
				Aptian										Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian										Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian										Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian										Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian		174.7
														Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian										Sevatian		208.5
														Alaunian		213.2 *
														Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian										Tuvalian		227
				Carnian										Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian		237
				Ladinian										Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian										Illyrian		242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Kathwai		251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru		254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
				Noginskian			264.9 *
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb		266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian			283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian			287.6 *
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
				Khamovnikian			304.8
				Krevyakinian			305.8 *
			Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
				Podolskian			308.9 *
				Kashirian			311.4 *
				Vereian			313.8
				Melekessian			314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
				Cheremshanian			316.9 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Severokeltmian			319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
				Voznesenian			321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian			329 *
			Visean	Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian			346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
Aeronian			438.5
Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju			Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		445.2
						Vormsi		449.6 *
						Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
			Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
						Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †	453
						Haljala			453.9
						Kukruse			456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4	Uhaku
					Lasnamagi	458.9 *
					Aseri	460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda	462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
						Latorp †			470.1 *
					Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg				Ungurian	477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort	Batyrbaian			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian							Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian			Drumian		500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian			Drumian		503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		509
						Toyonian					510 *
						Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian		720
		Tonian		Karatau								800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau								1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian								1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian								1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan								1375
																1400