PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Britain	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian									Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian			Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian											227
		Carnian			Julian											233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian											237
		Ladinian			Fassanian											239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian											242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian		303.7
			Khamovnikian		304.8
			Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian		307
			Podolskian		308.9 *
			Kashirian		311.4 *
			Vereian		313.8
			Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian		315.2
			Cheremshanian		316.9 *
			Prikamian		318.6 *
			Severokeltmian		319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
			Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		323.2
			Protvian		324.4 *
			Steshevian		326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian		330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		445.2					Gamachian
				Richmondian					446 *
				Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian						450.4 *
				Mohawkian				Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian				Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8