PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16							Villanyian	2.58
					MN 16							Ruscinian	3.1 *
					MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15								3.6
					MN 14								4.2
					MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13							Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12								7.246
					MN 11								7.75
					MN 10							Vallesian	8.7
					MN 9								9.7
					MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8							Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6								12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5								13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4							Orleanian	15.98
					MN 3							Orleanian	16.9
					MN 2							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian			MN 2								20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian			Meishanian					Dorashamian		251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian					Dorashamian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian					Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian					Dzhulfian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian					264.28
			Noginskian						264.9 *
						Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		Kubergandian			273.01
			Pavlovoposadian			Kubergandian			276.8 *
						Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
				Longlinian					285.4 *
						Yakhtashian			286
			Rusavkinian			Yakhtashian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian							303.7
			Khamovnikian							304.8
			Krevyakinian							305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Podolskian							308.9 *
			Kashirian		311.4 *
			Vereian		313.8
			Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian	323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian		485.4
		Stage 10					Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai		Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
													538.8