PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15									3.6
							MN 14									4.2
							MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
							MN 11									7.75
							MN 10									8.7
							MN 9									9.7
							MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4									15.98
							MN 3									16.9
							MN 2									20
		Aquitanian					MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian			150
						Ohauan							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
						Heterian							Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian			174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan							Late Toarcian			176
													Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
													Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
				Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
				Puruhauan				254.2
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian						264.28
					Noginskian			264.9 *
								265.3 *
				Barettian				266
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb		266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Mangapirian				276
					Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian	Rusavkinian			287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian				303.7
					Khamovnikian				304.8
					Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Podolskian				308.9 *
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
					Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Cheremshanian				316.9 *
					Prikamian				318.6 *
					Severokeltmian				319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
					Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian			Late Mississippian	323.2
					Protvian				324.4 *
					Steshevian				326.8 *
					Tarusian				329 *
		Visean			Venevian			Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Mikhailovian				331.9 *
					Aleksinian				333.7 *
					Tulian				335.8 *
					Bobrikian				339.9 *
					Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian			Early Mississippian	346.7
					Kizelian				350.7 *
					Cherepetian				351.9 *
					Karakubian				354.4 *
					Upinian				356.3 *
					Malevkian				357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian	458.5 *
						Oretanian	459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian		Albertian †					497
		Drumian		Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran		Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8