PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian						Bumbanian				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan					56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian			113
				Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
				Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian			168.2
								Humphresianum			Late Bajocian			168.4
								Humphresianum			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
				Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian			174.7
											Late Toarcian			180.1
											Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian			182
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
				Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian							Sevatian			208.5
											Alaunian			213.2 *
											Lacian			216.7 *
				Carnian							Tuvalian			227
				Carnian							Julian			233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian			237
				Ladinian							Fassanian			239.7 *
				Anisian							Illyrian			242
											Pelsonian			243.8 *
											Bithynian			244.7 *
											Aegean			245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian			247.2
				Olenekian							Smithian			248.9 *
				Induan							Dienerian			251.2
				Induan							Griesbachian			251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian									251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian		266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian		273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian			300 *
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Krevyakinian		Dalaun			305.8 *
			Moscovian	Myachkovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian	Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Cheremshanian		Huashibanian			318.5 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		Lousuan			321.2 *
				Voznesenian		Lousuan			321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian			323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
				Tarusian		Shangsian			330.8 *
			Visean	Venevian	Middle Mississippian				330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Aleksinian		Jiusian			335 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian					339.9 *
				Radaevkian					343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan		346.7
				Kizelian				350.7 *
				Cherepetian				351.9 *
				Karakubian				354.4 *
				Upinian				356.3 *
				Malevkian				357.6 *
				Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
	Katian		445.2
	Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian							489.5
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian								Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan			1375
														1400