PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian Epochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian										Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian										Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian										Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean										Chapadmalalan				3.6
														Montehermosan				3.7 *
														Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
														Chasicoan				7.9 *
														Mayoan				9.9 *
														Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian										Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian										Friasian				15.98
														Santacrucian				16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
				Rupelian										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian										Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian										Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian										Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican				56
														Itaboraian				56.9 *
														Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
				Danian										Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic										Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian												Late Aptian		113
				Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian			227
			Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian				264.9 *
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian				283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian				287.6 *
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Krevyakinian					305.8 *
				Krevyakinian					305.9
			Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian					323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
			Visean	Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
Zahorany †/Vinice							Letna †				456.2 *
Liben †											458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
									Dobrotivian		458.5 *
									Oretanian		459.7 *
Sarka †											461.7 *
Dapingian			Klabava †								467.3
Dapingian									Arenigian		468
Early Ordovician		Floian							Arenigian		470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635