PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian Epochs	Permian of China	Devonian of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
					Planulata							179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
					Kanense							181.3 *
					Carlottense							182.3 *
					Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae							184.2
					Freboldi							185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian						Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian						264.9 *
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian						276.8 *
		Artinskian							283.5
								Longlinian	285.4 *
			Rusavkinian						287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian						303.7
			Khamovnikian						304.8
			Krevyakinian						305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian						307
			Podolskian						308.9 *
			Kashirian	311.4 *
			Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran		422.5 *			Kaugetuma
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Lockportian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan		Clinton				440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8