PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127684 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene			Pannonian		7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene			Sarmatian		11.63
		Serravallian										Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan			150
					Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan			152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian									174.7
					Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan			176
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Sevatian						Warepan			208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian	Oretian	227
			Tuvalian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian		Etalian		238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian						264.28
			Noginskian					264.9 *
					Barettian			266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
					Mangapirian			276
			Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
			Rusavkinian		Telfordian			287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
			Khamovnikian					304.8
			Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
			Podolskian					308.9 *
			Kashirian					311.4 *
			Vereian					313.8
			Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian			346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *				Kunda
					Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
				Latorp †						470.1 *
					Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg					477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian	Pakerort						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
				Payntonian								486.8 *
				Payntonian								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Idamean								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian									499
		Drumian		Undillan									500.5
		Drumian		Floran									503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian							Topazan		504.5
				Templetonian							Delamaran		506.5
				Ordian									507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian								Waucoban †	509
													510.8 *
											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8