PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian		Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian		Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian		Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
								Monroecreekian					23.1 *
								Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
			Khamovnikian			304.8
			Krevyakinian		Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Podolskian			308.9 *
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Cheremshanian		Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Lousuan	321.2 *
			Voznesenian		Lousuan	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Dewunian	323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
			Tarusian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Aleksinian		Jiusian	335 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Tangbagouan	346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		445.2		Bolindian
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
													538.8