PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian									3
		Zanclean							Waipipian									3.6
									Opoitian									3.7
									Opoitian								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian																11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																37.71
									Bortonian									39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Mangaorapan								Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan								Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian	Wordian	264.9 *
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
						Pavlovoposadian		Cathedralian	276.8 *
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
						Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian			303.7
						Khamovnikian			304.8
						Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian			307
						Podolskian			308.9 *
						Kashirian			311.4 *
						Vereian			313.8
						Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian			315.2
						Cheremshanian			316.9 *
						Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill			Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc			Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
									Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
									Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
											Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
											Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
											Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †				455.2 *
												Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian	456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Aseri		461.3 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
						Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
											Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
							Whitlandian							471.1 *
							Whitlandian				Hunneberg			473.7 *
							Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
							Cressagian							480.8 *
											Varangu			481.3 *
											Pakerort			482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan											504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran											506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran											Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran												511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran												514
			Montezuman												514.8 *
			Begadean												519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																		538.8