PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128338 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian				100.5
											Middle Albian				106.2 *
											Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian				113
				Aptian							Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian				139.8
											Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
											Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian				168.2
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian				168.4
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian				168.6 *
				Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian				174.7
							Planulata								179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
											Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Kanense								181.3 *
							Carlottense								182.3 *
							Carlottense				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
							Kunae				Early Toarcian				183.5 *
				Pliensbachian			Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
							Freboldi								185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
				Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
				Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian							Sevatian				208.5
											Alaunian				213.2 *
											Lacian				216.7 *
				Carnian							Tuvalian				227
				Carnian							Julian				233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian				237
				Ladinian							Fassanian				239.7 *
				Anisian							Illyrian				242
											Pelsonian				243.8 *
											Bithynian				244.7 *
											Aegean				245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian				247.2
				Olenekian							Smithian				248.9 *
				Induan							Dienerian				251.2
											Griesbachian				251.4 *
											Griesbachian		Kathwai		251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Meishanian							Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
Chhidru										252.9 *
						Baoqingian				253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian				254.14
Kalabagh										255 *
Wargal										256 *
						Laibinian				257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan				259.51
				Wordian		Kuhfengian				264.28
					Noginskian					264.9 *
										265.3 *
Amb										266.1 *
Amb				Roadian						266.9
				Roadian						270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian				273.01
				Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
				Artinskian						283.5
						Longlinian				285.4 *
					Rusavkinian					287.6 *
				Sakmarian						290.1
				Asselian		Zisongian				293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian				298.9
				Gzhelian						300.1
				Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
					Khamovnikian					304.8
					Krevyakinian					305.8 *
				Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
					Podolskian					308.9 *
					Kashirian					311.4 *
					Vereian					313.8
					Melekessian					314.8
				Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
					Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Prikamian					318.6 *
					Severokeltmian					319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
					Voznesenian					321.9 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian					323.2
					Protvian					324.4 *
					Steshevian					326.8 *
					Tarusian					329 *
				Visean	Venevian					330.9
					Mikhailovian					331.9 *
					Aleksinian					333.7 *
					Tulian			335.8 *
					Bobrikian			339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
				Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
				Pragian			407.6
				Lochkovian			410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Gorstian		Ludlow	425.6
	Wenlock		Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock		Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery		Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill			Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
			Katian				Rawtheyan		445.2
							Cautleyan		448.9 *
							Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
							Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
Burrellian							452.7 *
			Sandbian				453
							Actonian †		453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †			455.2 *
Aurelucian							Longvillian †			456.8 *
Aurelucian							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig	Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
						Castlemainian		468.5 *
Early Ordovician		Floian				Chewtonian		470
				Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
				Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Cressagian				480.8 *
						Warendian		482.8 *
								Mansian †		483.55 *
								Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian		Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan					509
						Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
						Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian					514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian					521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Wonokan †						Vendian †	571.7 *
															635