PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian								113
		Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
				Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
				Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian		Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian								227
		Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian								237
		Ladinian		Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian					264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian					283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
			Khamovnikian			304.8
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Podolskian			308.9 *
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran	514
									Montezuman	514.8 *
									Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8