PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian								113
				Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
						Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
						Early Berriasian								142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
						Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
						Early Toarcian								182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian		Sevatian								208.5
						Alaunian								213.2 *
						Lacian								216.7 *
				Carnian		Tuvalian								227
				Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian								237
				Ladinian		Fassanian								239.7 *
				Anisian		Illyrian								242
						Pelsonian								243.8 *
						Bithynian								244.7 *
						Aegean								245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian			Vokhmian					247.2
				Olenekian		Smithian								248.9 *
				Induan		Dienerian								251.2
				Induan		Griesbachian								251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian									251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
				Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
				Wordian	Noginskian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.9 *
				Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian									276.8 *
				Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian									283.5
				Artinskian	Rusavkinian									287.6 *
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian										293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
				Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian									303.7
Khamovnikian					304.8
Krevyakinian					305.8 *
Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
			Visean	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
	Viru					Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian			Keila		Idavere †		453
						Haljala				453.9
						Kukruse				456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
	Oeland					Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort				485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian										635
			Tonian										720
			Tonian									Karatau	800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
			Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
			Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
			Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400