PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
				Planulata								179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
				Kanense								181.3 *
				Carlottense								182.3 *
				Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae								184.2
				Freboldi								185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian					264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian				Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian							303.7
			Khamovnikian							304.8
			Khamovnikian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian							305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian							307
			Myachkovian					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian							311.4 *
			Vereian							313.8
			Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian							315.2
			Cheremshanian							316.9 *
			Cheremshanian						Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian						Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian						Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian						Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian						Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian						Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian						Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian						Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian							324.4 *
			Steshevian							326.8 *
			Steshevian						Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian						Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian							331.9 *
			Aleksinian							333.7 *
			Tulian							335.8 *
			Tulian					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian					Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Ivorian				346.7
			Kizelian						350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Cherepetian	Hastarian	353.7 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian		485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian				Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran				514
						Montezuman				514.8 *
						Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8