PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4										168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3										174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1										192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4										208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Permian 4										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian											264.9 *
		Roadian		Permian 3										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2										273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian											276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian											283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian											287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
			Khamovnikian			304.8
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Podolskian			308.9 *
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		Chotec	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4				Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2								Dyeran	514
												Montezuman	514.8 *
												Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1									529
														538.8