PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian								0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Yushean								2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean								3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian						Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian						Tunggurian								11.63
		Langhian						Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian								15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian							100.5
									Middle Albian							106.2 *
									Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							113
		Aptian							Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian							139.8
									Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
									Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian							174.7
									Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
									Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian							Sevatian							208.5
									Alaunian							213.2 *
									Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian							227
		Carnian							Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan		Eastonian	449 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
											Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
										Arenig	Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
													Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											Chewtonian		470
											Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
													Bendigonian		471.8 *
													Lancefieldian		473.5 *
											Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
											Cressagian				480.8 *
											Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
													Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †							497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		504.5
																509