PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene			15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene			23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene			47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene			56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian		66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic		100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian									Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian								273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian								281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian								283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian								286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian								290.1
		Asselian		Nealian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
													538.8