PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of North America			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean												0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean												0.129
				Chibanian			Irvingtonian												0.21
				Calabrian			Irvingtonian												0.774
				Calabrian			Blancan												1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean			Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian			Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian			Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian			Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
							Hemingfordian												16.3
							Arikareean												18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
							Whitneyan												29.5
							Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian												33.9
				Priabonian			Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean												37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian			Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian			Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian			Bridgerian												47.8
							Wasatchian												50.5
							Clarkforkian												54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian												56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian												56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian												61.6
				Danian			Puercan												63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
Planulata					179.3 *
Planulata					Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense						181.3 *
Carlottense						182.3 *
Kunae						183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian		184.2
Freboldi						185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis		190.3 *
				Sinemurian				192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras			196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian					Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian					Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian						Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian						Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian						Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan				Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran				Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian									Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian										438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
												Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan				Clinton			440.1 *
														440.7 *
			Rhuddanian											440.8
			Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian												Gamachian	445.2
															Richmondian	446 *
															Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
															Edenian		450.4 *
														Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian												Chatfieldian		453
															Turinian		453.7 *
														Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
			Dapingian															467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian									469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian								Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian	Tulean	473.9 *
			Tremadocian	Tulean	477.7
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †									482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian												485.4
			Stage 10													487.5
			Jiangshanian													489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635