PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian								MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean								MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
										MN 14				4.2
					Hemphillian					MN 14				4.7
										MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12				7.246
										MN 11				7.75
										MN 10				8.7
					Clarendonian					MN 10				9.4
										MN 9				9.7
										MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene		11.63
					Barstovian									12.5
										MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian								MN 4		Early Miocene		15.98
					Hemingfordian					MN 4				16.3
					Hemingfordian					MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
					Arikareean					MN 3				18.5
										MN 2				20
		Aquitanian								MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene		27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian			Bumbanian				Early Eocene		47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian			Puercan							Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Kuhfengian		Leine			264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	Kuhfengian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian					Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian							281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
									Longlinian		285.4 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian							290.1
		Asselian		Nealian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran		Branchian	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4			Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Montezuman		Placentian			517.1
					Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
														538.8