PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Devonian of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †			Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
					Hemphillian									4.7
													Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
					Clarendonian									9.4
													Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian												11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan	16.9
					Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian									47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian			Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian	Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Autunian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4				Jaani
		Telychian			Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8