PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian				Ionian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian							Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian							Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian			Pannonian				Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian			Sarmatian				Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian			Badenian					12.8 *
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian							Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian							Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian							Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian							Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian							Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian							Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian							259.51
				Wordian	Wordian							264.28
				Roadian	Roadian							266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian						273.01
				Kungurian		Hessian						281.9 *
				Artinskian		Hessian						283.5
				Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian						286.1 *
				Sakmarian		Lenoxian						290.1
				Asselian		Nealian						293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
Kasimovian				303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
			Telychian	Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635