PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †				Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean											Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
													Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian											Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian											Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian											Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian											Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian										100.5
							Middle Albian										106.2 *
							Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian										113
		Aptian					Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian										139.8
							Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
							Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
							Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan	152.2 *
							Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian			Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
								Telfordian		285
					Wolfcampian			Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
				Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
				Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian						Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian							383.7 *
				Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian						Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian						Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian							412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian							415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																	538.8