PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan					MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian					MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian					MN 16	Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian						Villanyian	3
														Ruscinian	3.1 *
													MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
								Opoitian							3.7
													MN 14		4.2
													MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12		7.246
													MN 11		7.75
													MN 10	Vallesian	8.7
													MN 9		9.7
							Southland	Waiauan					MN 9		11.04
													MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian											MN 7 + 8	Astaracian	11.63
													MN 6		12.8 *
								Lillburnian					MN 6		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian					MN 5		13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian											MN 4	Orleanian	15.98
													MN 3		16.9
								Otaian					MN 3		18.7
													MN 2	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													20.44
							Landon	Waitakian							21.7
													MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan							47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
								Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian							56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian						Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
								Mangaotanean							90.5
			Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia		Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Herangi		Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
									180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian					Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian					Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian				201.4
		Norian			Warepan				208.5
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
		Carnian			Oretian				227
		Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan				237
		Ladinian			Etalian				238
		Anisian			Etalian				242
		Anisian			Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian				247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian				249
		Induan			Nelsonian				251.2
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
					Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian					254.14
					Puruhauan					254.2
									Kalabagh	255 *
									Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Aparima					Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian								264.28
											265.3 *
										Barettian	266
									Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Roadian						Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian								Cathedralian	273.01
										Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
										Telfordian		285
			Wolfcampian							Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian		Lianghekou †				477.9 *
															485.4