PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian									0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean									2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean									3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian						Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian						Tunggurian									11.63
		Langhian						Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian									15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian		113
		Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan									Late Kimmeridgian		150
						Ohauan									Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
						Heterian									Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan									Late Toarcian		176
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian													Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian	Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Otamitan			217
			Oretian			221
		Carnian	Oretian	Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
				Longobardian	Etalian	238
				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
				Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
				Smithian		248.9 *
				Smithian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian		285
			Wolfcampian			Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
		Asselian					Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian						Gamachian		443.8
		Katian								Gamachian		445.2
										Richmondian		446 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian						Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian			453
										Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian						Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean	477.7
					Stairsian	480.3 *
					Skullrockian	Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10								487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian		509
		Stage 3								Branchian		514
		Stage 3								Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																	538.8