PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran						0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian								Castlecliffian						0.34
				Calabrian								Castlecliffian						0.774
				Calabrian								Nukumaruan						1.63
				Gelasian								Nukumaruan						1.8
				Gelasian								Mangapanian						2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian						2.58
				Piacenzian								Waipipian						3
				Zanclean								Waipipian						3.6
				Zanclean								Opoitian						3.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan						7.2
				Tortonian								Tongaporutuan						7.246
				Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan						11.04
				Serravallian								Waiauan						11.63
				Serravallian								Lillburnian						13.05
				Langhian								Lillburnian						13.82
												Clifdenian						15.1
											Pareora	Altonian						15.9
				Burdigalian								Altonian						15.98
				Burdigalian								Otaian						18.7
				Aquitanian								Otaian						20.44
				Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian						21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian						23.03
												Duntroonian						25.2
												Whaingaroan						27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
											Arnold	Runangan						34.6
												Kaiatan						36.7
				Bartonian								Kaiatan						37.71
				Bartonian								Bortonian						39.1
				Lutetian								Bortonian						41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
												Heretaungan						45.7
				Ypresian								Heretaungan						47.8
												Mangaorapan						48.9
												Waipawan						52
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian						56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian			Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian						66
				Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian						72.1
				Santonian								Piripauan						83.6
				Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
												Mangaotanean						90.5
												Arowhanan						93.7
				Cenomanian								Arowhanan						93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
												Motuan						99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic					Motuan						100.5
												Urutawan						103.3
											Taitai	Korangan						108.4
				Aptian								Korangan						113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian			Neocomian											125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian			Wordian	Midian	264.28
			Wordian			Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian			Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
							Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
							Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian						283.5
								Yakhtashian	286
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †		298.9
			Kasimovian						Mapingian †		303.7
			Kasimovian								305.9
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian		393.3
			Pragian								Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
			Katian										Gamachian	445.2
													Richmondian	446 *
													Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian	450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian									Chatfieldian	453
												Turinian	453.7 *
											Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian	467.3
			Dapingian	Rangerian	469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †		470
			Floian		Tulean									473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Tulean									477.7
					Stairsian									480.3 *
					Skullrockian							Demingian †		482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian									485.4
			Stage 10											487.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4											509
		Series 2	Stage 3											514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635