PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene									Chapadmalalan				3.6
														Montehermosan				3.7 *
														Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
														Chasicoan				7.9 *
														Mayoan				9.9 *
														Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene									Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian												Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian												Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene									Friasian				15.98
														Santacrucian				16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian												Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene													23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene													27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene									Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene									Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Lutetian												Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian			Early Eocene									Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian			Early Eocene									Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene									Riochican				56
														Itaboraian				56.9 *
														Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene													61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene									Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian														Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian															Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai				251.902
							252.4 *
			Chhidru				252.9 *
						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
			Kalabagh					255 *
			Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian					264.28
									265.3 *
								Barettian	266
			Amb						266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	Roadian					266.9
		Roadian		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
								Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian				Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Nealian				293.52
		Asselian			Nealian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean							Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian							Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian							Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian										Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian									Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
		Aeronian									Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian									Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
																		509