PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain			Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian								3
		Zanclean							Waipipian								3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian								3.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian							Tongaporutuan								7.246
		Tortonian						Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian							Waiauan								11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian								13.82
									Clifdenian								15.1
								Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian							Altonian								15.98
		Burdigalian							Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian								23.03
									Duntroonian								25.2
									Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
								Arnold	Runangan								34.6
									Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian								41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
									Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan								47.8
									Mangaorapan								48.9
									Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian								56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian							Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
									Mangaotanean								90.5
									Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan								93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
									Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan								100.5
									Urutawan								103.3
								Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian							Korangan								113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill			Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †			449.6 *
									Streffordian		Berounian		449.7 *
									Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian	453
			Actonian †							453.2 *
			Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †			454.2 *
			Longvillian †										455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Aurelucian						456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian												457.4 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
											Arenigian				468
			Arenig				Fennian								468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian								470
							Whitlandian								471.1 *
							Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian				Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadoc				Cressagian								480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian									489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian									489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian									493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids									497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																	538.8