PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
										Hemingfordian								16.3
										Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
										Whitneyan								29.5
										Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian								47.8
										Wasatchian								50.5
										Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian								Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian											100.5
							Middle Albian											106.2 *
							Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian											113
		Aptian					Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian											139.8
							Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
							Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian						443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian							449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
				Dobrotivian									458.5 *
				Oretanian									459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian									468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
																Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids										Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai	Early Cambrian										Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran	514
															Montezuman	514.8 *
						Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8